Modern ships are floating computer networks, and hackers have noticed. From GPS spoofing that sends vessels off course to ransomware attacks that cripple port operations, cybersecurity threats to the maritime industry are escalating rapidly.
GPS Spoofing: Fake Signals, Real Danger
GPS spoofing involves broadcasting false satellite signals that trick ship navigation systems into displaying incorrect positions. Unlike jamming, which simply blocks GPS, spoofing is insidious because crews may not realize their displayed position is wrong.
Incidents have clustered in the Black Sea, Eastern Mediterranean, and Persian Gulf. Ships have reported their navigation systems showing them miles from their actual position, or even apparently on land. In congested waterways, such errors could cause collisions or groundings.
Notable Maritime Cyber Attacks
The 2017 NotPetya attack devastated Maersk, the world’s largest container shipping company. The malware encrypted critical systems, forcing the company to reinstall 45,000 PCs and 4,000 servers. Operations across 76 ports ground to a halt. Maersk estimated losses at $300 million.
In 2020, the International Maritime Organization suffered a cyberattack that took down the UN agency’s website and internal systems for days. Port facilities from South Africa to Australia have faced ransomware demands.
Vulnerable Systems Aboard Ships
Modern vessels contain dozens of networked systems that could be compromised:
- Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS)
- Automatic Identification Systems (AIS)
- Engine control and monitoring systems
- Cargo management systems
- Ballast water management systems
- Satellite communication systems
Many shipboard systems run outdated Windows versions and rarely receive security patches. Air gaps between operational technology and business networks are often incomplete.
Regulatory Response
The International Maritime Organization now requires ships to address cyber risks in their Safety Management Systems under the ISM Code. Flag states and classification societies are developing more specific cybersecurity standards.
The US Coast Guard has issued guidance requiring facilities to include cyber risks in their security assessments. NIST frameworks are being adapted for maritime applications.
Protecting Vessels and Ports
Effective maritime cybersecurity requires multiple layers. Network segmentation keeps critical navigation systems isolated from crew internet access. Regular software updates and patch management close known vulnerabilities. Crew training helps prevent phishing attacks that provide initial access.
Backup navigation methods including paper charts and celestial navigation provide resilience when electronic systems are compromised. Some operators are deploying anti-spoofing GPS receivers that can detect fake signals.
